Sterilization methods used in PharmaceuticsDisinfection, Antiseptic & Sterilization

A. Disease: Any harmful deviation from the normal functional/ structural state of an organism/ person.  The normal state of the organism (human/plant) represents the condition of physiological balance (homeostasis). B. Epidemiologic triad The traditional model for infectious disease:- Interaction of these three factors is necessary to initiate the disease process (agent, host & environment). These three factors are…

ANTI MICROBIAL AGENTS These are the chemicals & their preparations used in reducing or preventing infection due to microorganisms. Antiseptic: Inhibit the growth of MO (used for the living objects) Disinfectant: Destroy the Pathogenic MO (used for non-living object) Germicides: Kill Bacteria, Fungi, Viruses, Spores Bacteriostatic: Primarily inhibit the Bacteria – Only arrest their growth not kill…

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA An official book of standards adopted by Germany, France, Italy, Netherlands, Switzerland and Belgium is European Pharmacopoeia. In July 1964, the council of Europe issued an order, to frame out European Pharmacopoeia. 1969 onwards in the respective member countries it was appeared as official standard book for medicinal substances and other drugs. Later…

The preservatives are added in pharmaceutical preparation to prevent contamination, deterioration, and spoilage by bacteria and fungi (Microorganism). No single preservative exists that satisfies all of these requirements for all formulations. Frequently, a combination of two or more preservatives are needed to achieve the desired antimicrobial effect. Note: Ideal Properties of Preservatives 1. It should not…

Principles of Pharmacology Pharmacology (Gr. pharmakon – a drug or poison, logos – word or discourse) is the science dealing with actions of drugs on the body (pharmacodynamics) and the fate of drugs in the body (pharmacokinetics). It overlaps with pharmacy, the science of preparation of drugs; much of it deals with therapeutics (Pharmacotherapeutics), the treatment of disease. Toxicology is the…

Indian Pharmacopoeia/ IP 2022 केंद्रीय स्वास्थ्य और परिवार कल्याण मंत्री डॉ मनसुख मंडाविया ने शुक्रवार 1 जुलाई 2022 को आईपीसी सम्मेलन 2022 की अध्यक्षता की और भारतीय फार्माकोपिया (IP)के 9वें संस्करण को जारी किया और कहा कि “स्वास्थ्य और समृद्ध भारत” विकसित करना महत्वपूर्ण है। सम्मेलन विज्ञान भवन, नई दिल्ली में आयोजित किया गया था…

Definition of Social Pharmacy: The drug and medicine sector is studied from the social scientific and humanistic perspectives. Social pharmacy consist of all the social factors that influence medicine use such as medicine and health related beliefs, attitudes, rules, relationship and processes. OR Social pharmacy may be defined as the discipline dealing with the role…

Introduction about National Formulary of India (NFI) The National Formulary (NFI) is a book for the guidance of the members of the medical and pharmaceutical profession (medical students, nurses and pharmacists working in hospitals, dispensaries and in sales establishments). The National Formulary of India is an authoritative guide to prescribing, dispensing and administering medicines for…

Composition of PCI/Pharmacy Council of India Ex-Officio Members Elected members Nominated members (1)Director General of Medical & Health services, Govt of India or his/her nominee (1) Six members of whom at least one teacher of each of the subject of pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Pharmacology & Pharmacognosy elected by UGC from amongst teacher of Indian Universities…

Jellies Jellies can be defined as semisolid preparations that are transparent, translucent or nongreasy, intended for internal or external application. TYPES OF ORAL JELLY There are three types of jellies- 1. Medicated jelly: These are chiefly used on mucous membrane and skin for their spermicidal, local anaesthetics, and antiseptic properties. These jellies contain sufficient water. After…

Standard Treatment Guidelines (STG) Systematically developed  treatment protocols and prescribing policies designed to assist prescribers/practitioners in making decisions about the appropriate treatment and health care for specific clinical problem is termed as STG (Standard Treatment Guidelines). Health systems, particularly in developing countries, are faced with growing health needs on one hand and limited resources on the other. Policy makers…

“Rational use of medicines” means prescribing right medicines, in adequate dose for the sufficient duration and appropriate to the clinical needs of the patient at lowest cost’. “तर्कसंगत उपयोग (Rational use)” का अर्थ है, पर्याप्त अवधि के लिए पर्याप्त खुराक में और न्यूनतम लागत पर रोगी की नैदानिक आवश्यकताओं के लिए उपयुक्त दवाओं को निर्धारित…

The concept of Essential Medicines List (EML) Essential Medicines (EM) are those that satisfy the health care needs of the majority of the population and therefore should be available at all times in appropriate amounts and in appropriate dosage forms. आवश्यक दवाएं (Essential Medicines/EM) वे दवाएं हैं जो अधिकांश आबादी की स्वास्थ्य देखभाल की जरूरतों को पूरा करती…

Electrolytes: A substance that forms ions when dissolved in water is an electrolyte. An ions can have either a positive charge (cation) or a negative charge (anion). Human body contains several primary ions of electrolytes. The major electrolytes found in the human body are;- MAJOR ELECTROLYTES Cation Anion Sodium (Na+) Chloride (Cl-) Potassium (K+) Phosphate (HPO4–) Calcium (Ca++) Sulfate (SO4–) Magnesium…

Drug stability testing/studies of a pharmaceutical product may be defined as the capability of a formulation to remain within its physical, chemical, microbiological, therapeutic, and toxicological specifications at a defined storage condition. Any Pharmaceutical products are expected to meet their specifications for identity, purity, quality, and strength throughout their defined storage period at specific storage conditions, in a…

DEFINITION OF GELS Gels are transparent or translucent, non-greasy, semisolid systems preparation consisting of dispersions of small or large molecules in an aqueous liquid vehicle, which has been thickened with a gelling agent. Gels can be a single phase or a biphasic system. Jels & Jellies both are semi-solid system dosage form but jellies have soften consistency than…

Size reduction is a process of reduction of material to smaller pieces to coarse particles or to powder/fine powder. Size reduction process is also known  as Comminution and Grinding. When the particle size of solids is reduced by mechanical means it is known as Milling. The size reduction operation can be divided into two major categories depending on whether…

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is autoimmune disease involved IgM immune complex. In Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) white blood cells (WBCs) identify the synovium (tissue that nourishes cartilage and bone) as non-self and initiate an inflammatory attack. WBC activation leads to stimulation of T lymphocytes (the cell-mediated immune system), which recruit and activate monocytes and macrophages. These cells…

What is a Prescription A prescription is a written order from a registered medical practitioner to a pharmacist to compound and dispense medication for a patient. Or you can say prescription is a media through which treatment is provided to the patient by combining skill & services of both registered pharmacist and registered physician. There are…

The term “Disperse system” refers to a system in which one substance (dispersed phase) is distributed, in discrete units, throughout a second substance/phase called (continuous phase). or Dispersed systems consist of at least two phases, the substance that is dispersed known as the dispersed (or) internal phase, and a continuous (or) external phase. Dispersion system…

A virus is/are Largest virus:- Small pox(300nm). Smallest virus:- Papo virus (20nm). What is Viroids? Viroids are ss circular RNA molecules lacking a protein coat (mostly Plant pathogenic) What is Prions? Prions are: DNA containing Virus & RNA containing Virus DNA virus (Trick HHAPPPy) RNA Virus H=Herpes# Togo H=Hepadna Corna P=Adeno Picorna P=Parvo Orthomyxo P=Pox# Paramyxo #=Enveloped Rhabdo  …

“Limit test is defined as a quantitative or semi-quantitative test designed to identify and control small quantities of impurity which is likely to be present in the substance. The limit test is generally carried out to determine the inorganic impurities present in the compound”. In short, a limit test is nothing but to identify the impurities…

Note:- Excretion of Iron: Exfoliation of g.i. mucosal cells and destruction of RBCs-Bile = Lost in Faeces & Very little excretion in urine & sweat. Anemia Types of Anemia Anemias may occur due to following two reason For RBCs maturation, Both Vit B12 & Folic acid are required. by AdminNovember 19, 2021Pharmacy Notes https://googleads.g.doubleclick.net/pagead/ads?client=ca-pub-5171602519657570&output=html&h=280&slotname=5401329246&adk=4004686682&adf=3606886661&pi=t.ma~as.5401329246&w=828&fwrn=4&fwrnh=100&lmt=1758455420&rafmt=1&format=828×280&url=https%3A%2F%2Fthepharmapedia.com%2Fhematincs-drug-used-in-anaemia%2Fpharmacy-notes%2F&host=ca-host-pub-2644536267352236&fwr=0&fwrattr=true&rpe=1&resp_fmts=3&wgl=1&aieuf=1&uach=WyJXaW5kb3dzIiwiMTAuMC4wIiwieDg2IiwiIiwiMTQwLjAuNzMzOS4xMjgiLG51bGwsMCxudWxsLCI2NCIsW1siQ2hyb21pdW0iLCIxNDAuMC43MzM5LjEyOCJdLFsiTm90PUE_QnJhbmQiLCIyNC4wLjAuMCJdLFsiR29vZ2xlIENocm9tZSIsIjE0MC4wLjczMzkuMTI4Il1dLDBd&abgtt=6&dt=1758455419800&bpp=100&bdt=815&idt=367&shv=r20250918&mjsv=m202509160101&ptt=9&saldr=aa&abxe=1&cookie=ID%3D50f0356ed0d03c4e%3AT%3D1743247718%3ART%3D1758455035%3AS%3DALNI_MbrsN-BiwuIl_-T7PtbHTAjmSbm1Q&gpic=UID%3D0000107e819ac1a2%3AT%3D1743247718%3ART%3D1758455035%3AS%3DALNI_MZswmVGg_6mHHV3eh6fhjjeKF–Ug&eo_id_str=ID%3D4ab35599a895920c%3AT%3D1743247718%3ART%3D1758455035%3AS%3DAA-AfjZnVeB3aaQfZNhUUeWAd1_o&prev_fmts=0x0&nras=1&correlator=8548078314227&frm=20&pv=2&u_tz=330&u_his=1&u_h=864&u_w=1536&u_ah=824&u_aw=1536&u_cd=24&u_sd=1.25&dmc=8&adx=114&ady=344&biw=1526&bih=703&scr_x=0&scr_y=0&eid=31094584%2C42531706%2C95370776%2C95371811%2C95371814&oid=2&pvsid=7958848031770377&tmod=1423958895&uas=0&nvt=1&ref=https%3A%2F%2Fthepharmapedia.com%2Fcategory%2Fpharmacy-notes%2Fpage%2F14%2F&fc=1920&brdim=0%2C0%2C0%2C0%2C1536%2C0%2C0%2C0%2C1536%2C703&vis=2&rsz=%7C%7CoEer%7C&abl=CS&pfx=0&fu=128&bc=31&bz=0&td=1&tdf=2&psd=W251bGwsbnVsbCxudWxsLDNd&nt=1&pgls=CAEQARoFNC43Ljk.~CAEaBTYuOC4y~CAA.~CAA.~CAEQBBoHMS4xNjEuMA..~CAEQBRoGMy4yNy42&ifi=2&uci=a!2&fsb=1&dtd=376 Note:- Excretion…

VACCINE & DISEASES Disease Vaccine Disease Spread By Disease symptoms Disease complications Chickenpox Varicella vaccine protects against chickenpox. Air, direct contact Rash, tiredness, headache, fever Infected blisters, bleeding disorders, encephalitis (brain swelling), pneumonia (infection in the lungs) Diphtheria DTaP* vaccine protects against diphtheria. Air, direct contact Sore throat, mild fever, weakness, swollen glands in neck Swelling…

Genetics: Genetic is the study of heredity and variation Bacterial variation There is two types of bacterial variation: phenotyping and genotyping. Phenotypic variation Expression of various characters in a given environment by a bacterial cell is known as phenotyping variation. Bacterial cell may exhibit different phenotyping appearance in different environmental condition. Examples: Genotypic variation Genetic variation occurs…

Growth and Multiplication of Bacteria Bacterial cell division- binary fission Bacterial growth curve Bacteria growth follows a defined course .i.e. growth curve obtained by plotting bacterial count vs time. The bacterial growth curve has four phases. Lag Phase Log phase Stationary phase Decline phase -The period between inoculation and the beginning of multiplication is known…

Elixir Pharmaceutical Elixirs: Hydro-alcoholic liquid preparation Linctus Pharmaceutical

Bacteria are prokaryotic organisms that do not contain chlorophyll. They are unicellular and do not show true branching. They differ from eukaryotes in not having a nuclear membrane, a nucleolus, and cell organelles like mitochondria, golgi apparatus and endoplasmic reticulum. They have a single circular chromosome. For growth and multiplication of bacteria, they require nutrition…

ACID & BASES Theories of Acid and Base Three important theories are 1.  Arrhenius Theory (Dissociation concept) i.    Acid is a substance, dissociates to give hydrogen ions (H+) in water. eg: HCl ii.   Base is substance, dissociates to give hydroxide ions (OH-) in water. 2. Lowry-Bronsted Theory (Proton Concept) According to them i.    Acids are…

Pharmaceutical analysis is a branch of chemistry, which involves a series of processes for the identification, determination, quantitation, and purification. This is mainly used for the separation of the components from the mixture and for the determination of the structure of the compounds. The different pharmaceutical agents are as follows: Based upon the determination type,…

Mixing is a process in which two or more than two separated components/phages are placed/lie as close as possible to each other. Powder segregation (demixing) is the opposite process of mixing, which means the separation of the drug from the powder components. Objectives of mixing:- Types of mixture POSITIVE MIXTURE NEGATIVE MIXER NEUTRAL MIXTURE Mechanism of Mixing/Homogenization…

Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry of Rauwolfia Synonyms Sarpagandha, Chandrika; Chootachand; Indian snake root, Indian snakeroot, devil pepper. Biological Source of Rauwolfia serpentina) Rauwolfia consists of dried roots of Rauwolfia serpentina Benth., belonging to family Apocynaceae. Morphological/Characteristics features Rauwolfia serpentina Chemical Constituents Uses of Rauwolfia serpentina Geographical Source: It is an erect, evergreen, small shrub native to the Orient and occurs from India to Sumatra. It is…

What is a Bulk Drug? Bulk drug “Bulk drug” means any pharmaceutical, chemical, biological or plant product including its salts, esters, stereo-isomers and derivatives, conforming to pharmacopoeial or other standards specified in the Second Schedule to the Drugs and Cosmetics Act, 1940 (23 of 1940), and which is used as such or as an ingredient…

Medical Termination of Pregnancy (MTP) Act, 1971 (Act No. 34 of 1971);(10th August 1971) An Act to provide for the termination of certain pregnancies by registered Medical Practitioners and for matters connected therewith or incidental thereto.MTP Act, 1971 Be it enacted by Parliament in the Twenty-second Year of the Republic of India as follows :-…

Pharmaceutical Eardrop, Nasal drop, Nasal spray Ear drops Nasal drops These are isotonic solution that are instilled into the nose with a dropper. Nasal Spray List of Isotonic preparations

Sterilization:  it is a process by which an article, surface for the medium is made free of all microorganisms (MOs) either in the vegetative or spore form. Disinfection: It means the destruction of all pathogens or organisms capable of producing infection but not necessarily spores (the number is reduced to a level that is no…

DEFINITION OF HEALTH The WHO constitution states: “Health is a state of complete Physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.” An important implication of this definition is that mental health is more than just the absence of mental disorders or disabilities. Operational definition” of health: (a) No obvious evidence…

In Alligation method, two different strength solutions containing the same active ingredient can be combined to achieve the desired strength. This method may be used for both weight or volume. Alligation method is used to calculate the amount of high-strength product and a low-strength product that must be added together to make an intermediate-strength product.…

Definition of Pharmacognosy:- Pharmacognosy is defined as the scientific and systematic study of structural, physical, chemical and biological characters of crude drugs along with their history, method of cultivation, collection and preparation for the market. History of Pharmacognosy Source of crude drugs:- 1) Plant Source:- Neem, Babul, Tulsi, Saffron, Clove. 2) Animal source:- Honey bee,…

National Health policy (NHP): Health policy of a nation is its strategy for controlling and optimizing the social uses of its health knowledge of intended objectives. The main aim of health policy is decide or complete physical health, mental health, social health. (किसी राष्ट्र की स्वास्थ्य नीति इच्छित उद्देश्यों के अपने स्वास्थ्य ज्ञान के सामाजिक उपयोगों को…

Definition of Social Pharmacy: Social Pharmacy deals with the role, provision, regulation and use of medicines in society in a scientific way. Study of social pharmacy includes the social, psycho-social, economic, and organizational aspects of medicines. सोशल फार्मेसी वैज्ञानिक तरीके से समाज में दवाओं की भूमिका, प्रावधान, विनियमन और उपयोग से संबंधित है। सामाजिक फार्मेसी…

The Central Government makes the DRUGS (PRICES CONTROL) ORDER, 2013 under section 3 of the Essential Commodities Act, 1955 to regulate the prices of drugs. DPCO (DRUGS (PRICES CONTROL) ORDER) is defined as a order issued by the central government under the Essential Commodities Act, 1955 which enables it to fix the prices of some essential bulk drugs & their…

The Ministry of Health and Family Welfare is a responsible for implementation of various health programmes on a national scale in the areas of health, prevention and control of major communicable diseases and promotion of traditional and indigenous systems of medicines. We are going to divide in 5 major classes the list of National health…

karl Fischer titration is a analytical titration method used to determine the quantity of water/moisture content present in a solid, liquid & gaseous sample. Karl Fisher Reagent Karl Fischer reagent which is composed of iodine, sulphur dioxide, pyridine (a base) and methanol (as solvent). Both pyridine and methanol should be anhydrous. Solvent: Alcohol (dehydrated methanol) Buffering agent: Pyridine…

ANTIOXIDANTS Antioxidants are reducing agents which are added to the drugs or other pharmaceutical preparations to prevent their oxidation. Requirements of an Ideal Antioxidant Official Antioxidant HYPOPHOSPHORUS ACID M.F.: H3PO2 Preparation: It is prepared by mixing calcium hypophosphite with sulphuric acid or oxalic acid. The insoluble calcium salt is filtered and collected. Ca(H2PO2)2 (Calcium hypophosphite)+ H2SO4 → CaSO4 +…

FORMULATION OF GELS Following agents are used for the preparation of pharmaceutical gels a) Gelling Agents These are organic hydrocolloids polymers. Sometimes hydrophilic inorganic substance are used as gelling agen Natural Polymers Semi-synthetic polymer Synthetic/Acrylic polymers The Polymers such as Alginic acid (seaweed), Gelatin, Bentonite, veegum (magnesium aluminum silicate), Agar, natural gum/mucilage, Pectin, Tragacanth, Alginic acid,…

Action/Role of Histamine: Note:- Betahistine:- Histamine analogue – used to control vertigo in Meniere’s disease H1 Anti – Histaminic:- These drugs act as competitive antagonist at H1-Receptor. Classification of Anti-histaminic Drugs On the basis of CNS penetration & Anticholinergic properties, Anti-histaminic drug are classified into 1st generation & 2nd generation. 1st Generation – Anti-histaminic (H1):- 2nd Generation Anti-histaminic (H1) Use of Antihistaminic…

As name indicates these technique imparts different colour to different bacteria or bacterial structure. It allows us to differentiate between different kinds of bacterial cells or different parts of a bacterial cell. Differential stain technique includes the following technique:- 1. Gram staining 2. Acid Fast staining/Zeihl-Neelsen staining 3. Albert’s stains 1. Gram staining The most commonly used differential stain…

The term ‘immunity’ is defined as resistance exhibited by the host against any foreign antigen including microorganisms. This resistance plays a major role for prevention of infectious diseases. Immunity may be two type i.e. innate or acquired. I. INNATE IMMUNITY It is the resistance which individual possesses by birth. It is by virtue of his genetic…

FORMULA FEEDING (infant milk substitutes) Commercially prepared infant formulas are a nutritious alternative to breast milk, and contain some vitamins and nutrients that breastfed babies need to get from supplements. Under sterile conditions, commercial formulas feeding are made duplicate mother’s milk using a complex combination of proteins, sugars, fats, and vitamins. Due to personal comfort, latch…

Mother health Health of women throughout pregnancy, childbirth, and the postpartum period is referred to as mother/maternal health. Most common problems associated with mother injury & death are excessive blood loss, infection, high blood pressure, unsafe abortion, and obstructed labour, as well as indirect causes such as anemia, malaria, and heart disease. Such mother injury &…

Topical agents are substances that act locally on the surface of the body, such as the skin and mucous membranes. Compounds Formula Use/Category Analyzed Characteristics Zinc Oxide ZnO Astringent and protective Acidimetric back titration ZnO Ointment —15% conc. Calamine ZnO with small amount of ferric oxide Astringent and protective – Used as lotion and ointment…

Bacterial Metabolic Product There are two types of toxin (Bacterial Metabolic Product)produced by bacteria.1. Endotoxin2. Exotoxin Endotoxin Difference between Exotoxin and Endotoxin Exotoxin Endotoxin Protein/polypeptide molecular weight 10000 to 1900000 Lipopolysaccharide in nature Hear liable (destroyed > 60 oC  Heat stable   Actively secreted/diffuse by living bacterial cell into surrounding medium  Form integral part of the…

INCOMPATIBILITY IN PRESCRPION Incompatibility occur as a result of mixing two or more antagonistic substances.  An undesirable product is formed which affect the safety, efficacy and appearance of pharmaceutical preparation. For Example, the interaction of that comes under incompatibilities includes Incompatibilities may occur Types of Incompatibilities      (A) Physical Incompatibilities (B) Chemical Incompatibilities (C) Therapeutic…

Medicinal gases are preparation that are used for patient diagnosis and treatment in emergency circumstances. Therefore, the requirement for medical gas preparation is crucial for us in both medical and experimental settings. The therapeutic gases include oxygen, nitrous oxide, nitrogen, and many others; these gases are typically administered to patients prior to, during, and following operation,…

Dental products Dental products are those substances which prevent the dental caries, dental decay and give the freshness and cleanness to the mouth and teeth. In market it is mainly available in the form of toothpaste, tooth powder, mouthwash, tooth gel, dentifrice etc. Dental Product Includes:- Classification of Dental Product On the basis of their…

What is Dose of the drug: Dose of the drug is the appropriate amount of a drug needed to produce certain degree of response in a patient to achieve the desired pharmacological effects. Drug dosage is determined by Types of Dose 1. Standard Dose 2. Regulated Dose 3. Target Level Dose 4. Titrated Dose Dose need…

The Greek terms “posos,” which means “how much,” and “logos,” which means “science,” are the origin of the word “posology.” Therefore, posology is a branch of medical science that deals with the dose or quantity of drugs that should be given to a patient in order to achieve the desired pharmacological effects. Dose of the drug:  appropriate…

PACKAGING OF RADIOACTIVE MATERIALS Radiopharmaceuticals are unique medicinal formulations containing radioisotopes which are used in major clinical areas for diagnosis and/or therapy. ,Radioactive material is shipped in one of three types of containers. · Industrial packaging, Type A packaging, Type B. Types of Radiopharmaceutical Packaging 1. Industrial Packaging Industrial Packaging Materials that present little hazard from…

India was the first country in the world to have launched a National Programme for Family Planning in 1952. Goals of Family Planning includes: Family planning/contraception methods Methods of contraception include, Oral contraceptive pills, Implants, Injectables, Patches, Vaginal rings, Intra uterine devices (IUD), Condom (male & Female), Sterilization (male and female), Lactational amenorrhea methods, Withdrawal and Fertility awareness…

Part I-Introduction to Microbiology and common microorganisms

Demographic cycle:  The demographic cycle, or population cycle or Demographic Transition Model”, refers to the evolution over time of the population profile of a country, region or other defined geographical area. There is 5 stages in demographic cycle:- Stage Characters 1st/High Stationary High Birth rate & High Death rate (BR  & DR ) 2nd /Early Expanding BR unchanged but DR…

Various type of Staining techniques in Microbiology S. NO. Staining technique Dye Application 1. Simple Staining Methylene blue/ basic Fuchsin Impart same colors to all bacteria 2. Negative Staining India Ink/ Nigrosin Demonstration of bacterail capsules 3. Impregnation method Siver Demonstration of bacterial flagella & Spirochaetes 4. Differential Staining a. Gram staining primary stain: crystal…

Gargles are aqueous concentrated solutions used for treating the pharynx and nasopharynx (posterior part of mouth). Gargles frequently contains antiseptics, antibiotics, and anesthetics agents. Example of Gargles Phenol gargle & Potassium chlorate (KCIO3) gargles Potassium chlorate 30 gm Patent Blue V 0.009 gm liquefied phenol 15 ml Purified water q.s. 1000 mL Phenol gargle & Potassium chlorate (KCIO3) gargles Use…

The volume of suppository for particular mould in uniform but its weight will vary because of difference of density of base & medicament used. For this displacement valve of medicament is taken in consideration. Displacement value is defined as : The quantity of drug which displace one part of the base. The Displacement value of a given…

S.No. Route of Administration Volume 1 Intradermal/intracutaneous 0.1 to 0.2 mL 2 S.C. (subcutaneous)/Hypodermis 1 mL or less than 1 mL 3 IM (Intramuscular) 2 to 4 mL; Aq. Or oil suspension and oily solution can be administered by IM.The irritant drug can NOT be administered via IM 4 IV (intravenous) 1 ml to 500 mL & more can be…

First-pass/Pre-systemic metabolism of Drugs refers to metabolism of a drug during its passage from the site of absorption into the systemic circulation. The extent of first pass metabolism differs for different drugs and is an important determinant of oral bioavailability. All orally administered drugs are subjected to First pass metabolism by exposer of drug to drug…

These are drugs or biological products for diagnosis/treatment/ prevention of a rare disease or condition, or a more common disease (endemic only in resource poor countries or areas) for which there is no reasonable expectation that the cost of developing and marketing it will be recovered from the sales of that drug. these drugs may…

Antidotes are drugs designed to counteract toxins/poison/xenobiotics. An antidote can act in a number of ways like Classification of Antidote According to mechanism of action antidote are classified below Physiological antidotes Physiological antidote also called antagonist. The produce the effect opposite to that of the poison. They are used after some of poison is observed in…

Expectorants Normal cough is a protective physiological reflects (both voluntary and involuntary) to clear the Airway.Expectorants are drug used to help in the removal or expulsion of the secretion or exudate from the trachea, bronchi, or lungs and hence they are used in the treatment of cough. Mechanism of Expectorants Expectorant act on the respiratory…

These are drugs used to stimulate the respiratory system or restore the normal respiration by to increase the activities of the CNS. Respiratory stimulant are the class of those drug which is used to stimulate the CNS i.e Central nervous system of the body,hence it is known as CNS stimulator. It Also stimulate the chemo…

Topical agents are the compound which are act locally on the body surface like skin and mucous membrane. Topical agents are categorized according to the mechanism of action A. PROTECTIVES They are group of insoluble substances, applied to the skin to protect from irritation. They are non toxic and biologically inactive. TALC I.P M.F. Mg6 (Si2O5)4 (OH)4 It…

Contrast media is the substance used to enhance the contrast of an image, hence, making an image more detailed and apparent. Contrast media is increasingly being used in various medical imaging techniques, such as MRI and CT. Radiopaque media are chemical compounds containing elements of high atomic number which will stop the passage of x-rays. These types…

The therapeutic uses of radioisotope depend mainly on their ability to ionize atoms. Radioactive tracers are used to find out the diseased portion of the organ and the parts of the system.. Radioisotopes are used in medicines in two different ways. Radiopharmaceutical preparation & their uses Radiopharmaceutical preparation Use Sodium Rose Bengal injection = I131…

Radiopharmaceutical Radiopharmaceuticals are a group of pharmaceutical drugs/medicinal formulation containing radioisotopes which are used as diagnostics & therapeutic agents. Type of Radiopharmaceuticals products Radiopharmaceuticals can be divided into four categories: 1. Radiopharmaceutical preparation A radiopharmaceutical preparation is a medicinal product in a ready-to-use form suitable for human use that contains a radionuclide. The radionuclide is integral to…

Requirements: (a) Glassware: Nesslers’ cylinder, measuring cylinder and glass rod.(b) Chemicals: Citric acid (20%), thioglycollic acid, ammonia solution (10%), standard iron solution and sulphuric acid. Principle for Limit test for Iron Limit test of Iron is based on the reaction of iron in ammonical solution with thioglycollic acid in presence of citric acid to form…

Apparatus Requirements: (a) Glassware: Nesslers’ cylinder, measuring cylinder and glass rod. (b) Chemicals: Potassium sulphate, test substance, hydrochloric acid, barium sulphate reagent and distilled water. Principle of Limit test for sulphate Limit test of sulphate is based on the reaction of soluble sulphate with barium chloride in presence of dilute hydrochloric acid to form barium sulphate…

The study of anatomy is divided into 2 major fields: 1. Gross anatomy: 2. Microscopic anatomy Physiology has many specialties. The 4 basic divisions are: Levels of Organization Organ Systems of the Human Body The human body is divided into 11 interconnected organ systems. All organ systems work together, and many organs function in more than 1 organ…

India’s immunization programme, launched in 1985, is one of the largest health programmes of its kind in the world, catering to a birth cohort of 2.7 crore (27 million) children annually. The programme provides vaccination against eight life‐threatening diseases (diphtheria, whooping cough, Haemophilus influenzae type B (Hib) causing pneumonia and meningitis, tetanus, polio, tuberculosis, measles…

Pharmacology of Corticosteroids The term corticosteroid or corticoid includes natural glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids and their synthetic analogs.Adrenal glands have two-part: Cortex and medulla.Context part of the adrenal gland secretes steroid hormone which includes glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids while medula part of the adrenal gland secrets sex hormones. The adrenal cortex consists of three layers- from outside to within respectively (trick to remember-GFR) Mineralocorticoids…

Diluents For ease of handling by the patient, A tablet should weigh at least about 50 mg. Diluents are fillers used to make up the volume of tablets if the tablet is inadequate to produce the volume. Diluents are used as disintegrants in the dispersible and orally disintegrating tablets. Diluents are used to make of…

Pharmaceutical Pastes are semisolid dosage forms that contain one or more drug substances intended for topical/external application to the skin. They are generally very thick & stiff. They differ from ointments in their consistency, as they contain larger amounts of finely dispersed solids (20% to 50%) and so they are thicker and stiffer. Ointments are semisolid preparations intended for external application to…

What is a Drug a) A drug is a chemical substance that affects the processes of body and mind. b) Any chemical compound used or administered to humans and/ or animals in the process of diagnosis, treatment or prevention for relief of pain or sufferings or to control or improve a physiological process or pathological…

Problems in Sugar Coating of Tablets Common Problems that can occur during the sugar coating process and their solutions 1. Chipping of the tablet coating 2. Cracking 3. Non-drying of the coating 4. Twinning 5. Uneven colouring 6. Blooming and Sweating 7. Marbling

Leprosy is a chronic bacterial disease and it is caused by Mycobacterium leprae. Leprosy was first observed by Hansen in 1868 so also known as Hansen disease. It mainly affects the skin, eyes, nose and peripheral nerves. It is a gram-positive acid-fast bacteria for which 5% percent sulphuric acid is used for the decolorization after staining with carbolfuchsin. Antigenic structure Inner…

Lepromin Test Procedure An extract sample o.1 mL of inactivated Hansen’s Bacillus/ lepromin(antigen) is intradermally injected just under the skin, usually on the forearm. The injection site is labeled and examined 3 days and 28 days later to see if there is a reaction. The introduction of lepromin injection gives two types of reactions (diphasic…

IP (Indian Pharmacopoeia) is recognized as the official book of standards for the drugs being manufactured and/or marketed in India. IP contains a collection of authoritative procedures of analysis and specifications of drugs for their identity, purity and strength. The standards of the IP are authoritative in nature and are enforced by the regulatory authorities…

The word Pharmacopoeia is derived from Greek words ‘pharmakon’ means a drug (both remedy and poison) and ‘poiein’ means to make or create. Pharmacopoeia is a book containing directions for the identification of samples and the preparation of compound medicines, and published by the authority of a government or a medical or pharmaceutical society. For this reason Pharmacopoeia is a…

The Pharmacy Act 1948 is an act to regulate the profession of pharmacy, the practice of pharmacy and for that purpose to constitute Pharmacy Councils in India. It contains total 5 chapters. CHAPTER 1 of Pharmacy act 1948 INTRODUCTORY 1. Short title, extent and commencement:-  (1) This Act may be called the Pharmacy Act, 1948. 2[(2)…

Antibiotics and Their Source (Fungi & Bacteria) Antibiotics Source Aminoglycosides Antibiotics Obtained from Streptomyces & Micromonospora StreptomycinKanamycinTobramycinNeomycinPrepared by ThePharmapedia.comFramycetin S. GrisesusS. Kanamyceticus; its semisynthetic derivative is AmikacinS. Tenebrarius Prepared by ThePharmapedia.comS. Fradiaeha GentamicinSisomicin M. PurpureaM. Inyoensis (its semisynthetic derivative Netilmicin) Pencillin Penicillium chrysogenum, P.notatum + Phenyl Acetic Acid Griseofulvin Penicillium griseofulvum Nystatin Streptomyces noursei Hamycin Streptomyces pimprei Fumagillin Aspergillus fumigatusPrepared by ThePharmapedia.com Bacitracin Bacillus licheniformis Chloramphenicol Chloromycetin Streptomyces venezuelae,…

PROPERTIES OF TRIACYLGLYCEROLS/FAT/OILS/Fatty acids The Following properties of TGs/Fat/Oil are mainly used to detect adulteration/deterioration of oil/fat. S. No. Properties Reactant Sample amount To be determined Use/ Application 1 Iodine value I2 (No of gm of Iodine absorbed by) 100 gm of Fat/oil Iodine number i.e. indicate Unsaturation Oil/Fat has specific Iodine no value, Use to check Adulteration 2 Saponification…

Pharmacy Council of India/PCI The Pharmacy Council of India is a statutory body constituted under the Pharmacy Act, 1948. The Council was first constituted on 09th March, 1949 and has a proud and glorious history of 72 years of professional leadership. It is under the administrative control of the Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Government of India. It consists of…

Iodine is widely used as a disinfectant and antiseptic, frequently in a solution of alcohol and water containing potassium iodide. Several compounds of iodine, such as iodoform (CHI3), also serve as antiseptics. Iodine is an oxidizing agent, and its bactericidal activity involves the inorganic form of I2. Iodine is converted to thyroxine in the thyroid gland, a small amount of iodine is essential for the body, which contains an…