Sterilization methods used in PharmaceuticsDisinfection, Antiseptic & Sterilization

A. Disease: Any harmful deviation from the normal functional/ structural state of an organism/ person.  The normal state of the […]

ANTI MICROBIAL AGENTS These are the chemicals & their preparations used in reducing or preventing infection due to microorganisms. Antiseptic: […]

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA An official book of standards adopted by Germany, France, Italy, Netherlands, Switzerland and Belgium is European Pharmacopoeia. In […]

The preservatives are added in pharmaceutical preparation to prevent contamination, deterioration, and spoilage by bacteria and fungi (Microorganism). No single preservative […]

Principles of Pharmacology Pharmacology (Gr. pharmakon – a drug or poison, logos – word or discourse) is the science dealing with […]

Indian Pharmacopoeia/ IP 2022 केंद्रीय स्वास्थ्य और परिवार कल्याण मंत्री डॉ मनसुख मंडाविया ने शुक्रवार 1 जुलाई 2022 को आईपीसी […]

Definition of Social Pharmacy: The drug and medicine sector is studied from the social scientific and humanistic perspectives. Social pharmacy […]

Introduction about National Formulary of India (NFI) The National Formulary (NFI) is a book for the guidance of the members […]

Composition of PCI/Pharmacy Council of India Ex-Officio Members Elected members Nominated members (1)Director General of Medical & Health services, Govt […]

Jellies Jellies can be defined as semisolid preparations that are transparent, translucent or nongreasy, intended for internal or external application. […]

Standard Treatment Guidelines (STG) Systematically developed  treatment protocols and prescribing policies designed to assist prescribers/practitioners in making decisions about the appropriate treatment and health […]

“Rational use of medicines” means prescribing right medicines, in adequate dose for the sufficient duration and appropriate to the clinical […]

The concept of Essential Medicines List (EML) Essential Medicines (EM) are those that satisfy the health care needs of the majority of […]

Electrolytes: A substance that forms ions when dissolved in water is an electrolyte. An ions can have either a positive charge (cation) or a negative charge […]

Drug stability testing/studies of a pharmaceutical product may be defined as the capability of a formulation to remain within its physical, chemical, microbiological, […]

DEFINITION OF GELS Gels are transparent or translucent, non-greasy, semisolid systems preparation consisting of dispersions of small or large molecules in an […]

Size reduction is a process of reduction of material to smaller pieces to coarse particles or to powder/fine powder. Size […]

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is autoimmune disease involved IgM immune complex. In Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) white blood cells (WBCs) identify the […]

What is a Prescription A prescription is a written order from a registered medical practitioner to a pharmacist to compound and […]

The term “Disperse system” refers to a system in which one substance (dispersed phase) is distributed, in discrete units, throughout […]

A virus is/are Largest virus:- Small pox(300nm). Smallest virus:- Papo virus (20nm). What is Viroids? Viroids are ss circular RNA molecules lacking […]

“Limit test is defined as a quantitative or semi-quantitative test designed to identify and control small quantities of impurity which […]

Note:- Excretion of Iron: Exfoliation of g.i. mucosal cells and destruction of RBCs-Bile = Lost in Faeces & Very little excretion […]

VACCINE & DISEASES Disease Vaccine Disease Spread By Disease symptoms Disease complications Chickenpox Varicella vaccine protects against chickenpox. Air, direct contact […]

Genetics: Genetic is the study of heredity and variation Bacterial variation There is two types of bacterial variation: phenotyping and genotyping. Phenotypic […]

Growth and Multiplication of Bacteria Bacterial cell division- binary fission Bacterial growth curve Bacteria growth follows a defined course .i.e. […]

Elixir Pharmaceutical Elixirs: Hydro-alcoholic liquid preparation Linctus Pharmaceutical

Bacteria are prokaryotic organisms that do not contain chlorophyll. They are unicellular and do not show true branching. They differ […]

ACID & BASES Theories of Acid and Base Three important theories are 1.  Arrhenius Theory (Dissociation concept) i.    Acid is […]

Pharmaceutical analysis is a branch of chemistry, which involves a series of processes for the identification, determination, quantitation, and purification. […]

Mixing is a process in which two or more than two separated components/phages are placed/lie as close as possible to each […]

Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry of Rauwolfia Synonyms Sarpagandha, Chandrika; Chootachand; Indian snake root, Indian snakeroot, devil pepper. Biological Source of Rauwolfia serpentina) Rauwolfia […]

What is a Bulk Drug? Bulk drug “Bulk drug” means any pharmaceutical, chemical, biological or plant product including its salts, […]

Medical Termination of Pregnancy (MTP) Act, 1971 (Act No. 34 of 1971);(10th August 1971) An Act to provide for the […]

Pharmaceutical Eardrop, Nasal drop, Nasal spray Ear drops Nasal drops These are isotonic solution that are instilled into the nose with a […]

Sterilization:  it is a process by which an article, surface for the medium is made free of all microorganisms (MOs) […]

DEFINITION OF HEALTH The WHO constitution states: “Health is a state of complete Physical, mental and social well-being and not […]

In Alligation method, two different strength solutions containing the same active ingredient can be combined to achieve the desired strength. […]

Definition of Pharmacognosy:- Pharmacognosy is defined as the scientific and systematic study of structural, physical, chemical and biological characters of […]

National Health policy (NHP): Health policy of a nation is its strategy for controlling and optimizing the social uses of its health […]

Definition of Social Pharmacy: Social Pharmacy deals with the role, provision, regulation and use of medicines in society in a […]

The Central Government makes the DRUGS (PRICES CONTROL) ORDER, 2013 under section 3 of the Essential Commodities Act, 1955 to regulate the prices of drugs. […]

The Ministry of Health and Family Welfare is a responsible for implementation of various health programmes on a national scale […]

karl Fischer titration is a analytical titration method used to determine the quantity of water/moisture content present in a solid, […]

ANTIOXIDANTS Antioxidants are reducing agents which are added to the drugs or other pharmaceutical preparations to prevent their oxidation. Requirements […]

FORMULATION OF GELS Following agents are used for the preparation of pharmaceutical gels a) Gelling Agents These are organic hydrocolloids polymers. […]

Action/Role of Histamine: Note:- Betahistine:- Histamine analogue – used to control vertigo in Meniere’s disease H1 Anti – Histaminic:- These drugs act as […]

As name indicates these technique imparts different colour to different bacteria or bacterial structure. It allows us to differentiate between […]

The term ‘immunity’ is defined as resistance exhibited by the host against any foreign antigen including microorganisms. This resistance plays […]

FORMULA FEEDING (infant milk substitutes) Commercially prepared infant formulas are a nutritious alternative to breast milk, and contain some vitamins and […]

Mother health Health of women throughout pregnancy, childbirth, and the postpartum period is referred to as mother/maternal health. Most common problems […]

Topical agents are substances that act locally on the surface of the body, such as the skin and mucous membranes. […]

Bacterial Metabolic Product There are two types of toxin (Bacterial Metabolic Product)produced by bacteria.1. Endotoxin2. Exotoxin Endotoxin Difference between Exotoxin […]

INCOMPATIBILITY IN PRESCRPION Incompatibility occur as a result of mixing two or more antagonistic substances.  An undesirable product is formed […]

Medicinal gases are preparation that are used for patient diagnosis and treatment in emergency circumstances. Therefore, the requirement for medical gas […]

Dental products Dental products are those substances which prevent the dental caries, dental decay and give the freshness and cleanness […]

What is Dose of the drug: Dose of the drug is the appropriate amount of a drug needed to produce certain […]

The Greek terms “posos,” which means “how much,” and “logos,” which means “science,” are the origin of the word “posology.” […]

PACKAGING OF RADIOACTIVE MATERIALS Radiopharmaceuticals are unique medicinal formulations containing radioisotopes which are used in major clinical areas for diagnosis […]

India was the first country in the world to have launched a National Programme for Family Planning in 1952. Goals of Family Planning […]

Part I-Introduction to Microbiology and common microorganisms

Demographic cycle:  The demographic cycle, or population cycle or Demographic Transition Model”, refers to the evolution over time of the population profile of a […]

Various type of Staining techniques in Microbiology S. NO. Staining technique Dye Application 1. Simple Staining Methylene blue/ basic Fuchsin […]

Gargles are aqueous concentrated solutions used for treating the pharynx and nasopharynx (posterior part of mouth). Gargles frequently contains antiseptics, antibiotics, and anesthetics […]

The volume of suppository for particular mould in uniform but its weight will vary because of difference of density of base & […]

S.No. Route of Administration Volume 1 Intradermal/intracutaneous 0.1 to 0.2 mL 2 S.C. (subcutaneous)/Hypodermis 1 mL or less than 1 […]

First-pass/Pre-systemic metabolism of Drugs refers to metabolism of a drug during its passage from the site of absorption into the systemic […]

These are drugs or biological products for diagnosis/treatment/ prevention of a rare disease or condition, or a more common disease […]

Antidotes are drugs designed to counteract toxins/poison/xenobiotics. An antidote can act in a number of ways like Classification of Antidote According […]

Expectorants Normal cough is a protective physiological reflects (both voluntary and involuntary) to clear the Airway.Expectorants are drug used to […]

These are drugs used to stimulate the respiratory system or restore the normal respiration by to increase the activities of […]

Topical agents are the compound which are act locally on the body surface like skin and mucous membrane. Topical agents […]

Contrast media is the substance used to enhance the contrast of an image, hence, making an image more detailed and apparent. […]

The therapeutic uses of radioisotope depend mainly on their ability to ionize atoms. Radioactive tracers are used to find out […]

Radiopharmaceutical Radiopharmaceuticals are a group of pharmaceutical drugs/medicinal formulation containing radioisotopes which are used as diagnostics & therapeutic agents. Type […]

Requirements: (a) Glassware: Nesslers’ cylinder, measuring cylinder and glass rod.(b) Chemicals: Citric acid (20%), thioglycollic acid, ammonia solution (10%), standard […]

Apparatus Requirements: (a) Glassware: Nesslers’ cylinder, measuring cylinder and glass rod. (b) Chemicals: Potassium sulphate, test substance, hydrochloric acid, barium sulphate […]

The study of anatomy is divided into 2 major fields: 1. Gross anatomy: 2. Microscopic anatomy Physiology has many specialties. The 4 […]

India’s immunization programme, launched in 1985, is one of the largest health programmes of its kind in the world, catering […]

Pharmacology of Corticosteroids The term corticosteroid or corticoid includes natural glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids and their synthetic analogs.Adrenal glands have two-part: Cortex and medulla.Context part of the […]

Diluents For ease of handling by the patient, A tablet should weigh at least about 50 mg. Diluents are fillers […]

Pharmaceutical Pastes are semisolid dosage forms that contain one or more drug substances intended for topical/external application to the skin. They are generally very thick […]

What is a Drug a) A drug is a chemical substance that affects the processes of body and mind. b) […]

Problems in Sugar Coating of Tablets Common Problems that can occur during the sugar coating process and their solutions 1. Chipping of […]

Leprosy is a chronic bacterial disease and it is caused by Mycobacterium leprae. Leprosy was first observed by Hansen in 1868 so […]

Lepromin Test Procedure An extract sample o.1 mL of inactivated Hansen’s Bacillus/ lepromin(antigen) is intradermally injected just under the skin, […]

IP (Indian Pharmacopoeia) is recognized as the official book of standards for the drugs being manufactured and/or marketed in India. […]

The word Pharmacopoeia is derived from Greek words ‘pharmakon’ means a drug (both remedy and poison) and ‘poiein’ means to […]

The Pharmacy Act 1948 is an act to regulate the profession of pharmacy, the practice of pharmacy and for that […]

Antibiotics and Their Source (Fungi & Bacteria) Antibiotics Source Aminoglycosides Antibiotics Obtained from Streptomyces & Micromonospora StreptomycinKanamycinTobramycinNeomycinPrepared by ThePharmapedia.comFramycetin S. GrisesusS. Kanamyceticus; its semisynthetic derivative […]

PROPERTIES OF TRIACYLGLYCEROLS/FAT/OILS/Fatty acids The Following properties of TGs/Fat/Oil are mainly used to detect adulteration/deterioration of oil/fat. S. No. Properties […]

Pharmacy Council of India/PCI The Pharmacy Council of India is a statutory body constituted under the Pharmacy Act, 1948. The Council was first […]

Iodine is widely used as a disinfectant and antiseptic, frequently in a solution of alcohol and water containing potassium iodide. Several compounds of iodine, such as iodoform (CHI3), […]