RRB Pharmacist Syllabus 2026: Complete Exam Pattern & Subject-wise Syllabus

Human Anatomy and Physiology

Unit I

Introduction to human body: Definition and scope of anatomy and physiology, levels of structural organization and body systems, basic life processes, homeostasis, basic anatomical terminology.

Cellular level of organization: Structure and functions of cell, transport across cell membrane, cell division, cell junctions. General principles of cell communication, intracellular signaling pathway activation by extracellular signal molecule, Forms of intracellular signaling: a) Contact-dependent b) Paracrine c) Synaptic d) Endocrine.

Tissue level of organization: Classification of tissues, structure, location and functions of epithelial, muscular and nervous and connective tissues.

Unit II

Integumentary system: Structure and functions of skin.

Skeletal system: Divisions of skeletal system, types of bone, salient features and functions of bones of axial and appendicular skeletal system. Organization of skeletal muscle, physiology of muscle contraction, neuromuscular junction.

Joints: Structural and functional classification, types of joints movements and its articulation.

Unit III

Body fluids and blood: Body fluids, composition and functions of blood, hemopoeisis, formation of hemoglobin, anemia, mechanisms of coagulation, blood grouping, Rh factors, transfusion, its significance and disorders of blood, Reticulo endothelial system.

Lymphatic system: Lymphatic organs and tissues, lymphatic vessels, lymph circulation and functions of lymphatic system.

Unit IV

Peripheral nervous system: Classification of peripheral nervous system: Structure and functions of sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system. Origin and functions of spinal and cranial nerves.

Special senses: Structure and functions of eye, ear, nose and tongue and their disorders.

Unit V

Cardiovascular system: Heart – anatomy of heart, blood circulation, blood vessels, structure and functions of artery, vein and capillaries, elements of conduction system of heart and heart beat, its regulation by autonomic nervous system, cardiac output, cardiac cycle. Regulation of blood pressure, pulse, electrocardiogram and disorders of heart.

Unit VI

Nervous system: Organization of nervous system, neuron, neuroglia, classification and properties of nerve fibre, electrophysiology, action potential, nerve impulse, receptors, synapse, neurotransmitters. Central nervous system: Meninges, ventricles of brain and cerebrospinal fluid. Structure and functions of brain (cerebrum, brain stem, cerebellum), spinal cord (gross structure, functions of afferent and efferent nerve tracts, reflex activity).

Unit VII

Digestive system: Anatomy of GI Tract with special reference to anatomy and functions of stomach, (Acid production in the stomach, regulation of acid production through parasympathetic nervous system, pepsin role in protein digestion) small intestine and large intestine, anatomy and functions of salivary glands, pancreas and liver, movements of GIT, digestion and absorption of nutrients and disorders of GIT.

Energetics: Formation and role of ATP, Creatinine Phosphate and BMR.

Unit VIII

Respiratory system: Anatomy of respiratory system with special reference to anatomy of lungs, mechanism of respiration, regulation of respiration. Lung Volumes and capacities transport of respiratory gases, artificial respiration, and resuscitation methods.

Urinary system: Anatomy of urinary tract with special reference to anatomy of kidney and nephrons, functions of kidney and urinary tract, physiology of urine formation, micturition reflex and role of kidneys in acid base balance, role of RAS in kidney and disorders of kidney.

Unit IX

Endocrine system: Classification of hormones, mechanism of hormone action, structure and functions of pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, adrenal gland, pancreas, pineal gland, thymus and their disorders.

Unit X

Reproductive system: Anatomy of male and female reproductive system, Functions of male and female reproductive system, sex hormones, physiology of menstruation, fertilization, spermatogenesis, oogenesis, pregnancy and parturition.

Introduction to genetics: Chromosomes, genes and DNA, protein synthesis, genetic pattern of inheritance.

Pharmaceutical Analysis

UNIT-I

(a) Pharmaceutical analysis- Definition and scope: i) Different techniques of analysis, ii) Methods of expressing concentration, iii) Primary and secondary standards, iv) Preparation and standardization of various molar and normal solutions- Oxalic acid, sodium hydroxide, hydrochloric acid, sodium thiosulphate, sulphuric acid, potassium permanganate and ceric ammonium sulphate.

(b) Errors: Sources of errors, types of errors, methods of minimizing errors, accuracy, precision and significant figures.

(c) Pharmacopoeia: Sources of impurities in medicinal agents, limit tests.

UNIT-II

Acid base titration: Theories of acid base indicators, classification of acid base titrations and theory involved in titrations of strong, weak, and very weak acids and bases, neutralization curves.

Non aqueous titration: Solvents, acidimetry and alkalimetry titration and estimation of Sodium benzoate and Ephedrine HCl.

UNIT-III

Precipitation titrations: Mohr’s method, Volhard’s, Modified Volhard’s, Fajans method, estimation of sodium chloride.

Complexometric titration: Classification, metal ion indicators, masking and demasking reagents, estimation of Magnesium sulphate, and calcium gluconate.

Gravimetry: Principle and steps involved in gravimetric analysis. Purity of the precipitate: co-precipitation and post precipitation, Estimation of barium sulphate.

Basic Principles, methods and application of diazotisation titration.

UNIT-IV

Redox titrations:
(a) Concepts of oxidation and reduction.
(b) Types of redox titrations (Principles and applications): Cerimetry, Iodimetry, Iodometry, Bromatometry, Dichrometry, Titration with potassium iodate.

UNIT-V

Electrochemical methods of analysis:

Conductometry: Introduction, Conductivity cell, Conductometric titrations, applications.

Potentiometry: Electrochemical cell, construction and working of reference (Standard hydrogen, silver chloride electrode and calomel electrode) and indicator electrodes (metal electrodes and glass electrode), methods to determine end point of potentiometric titration and applications.

Polarography: Principle, Ilkovic equation, construction and working of dropping mercury electrode and rotating platinum electrode, applications.

Pharmaceutics

UNIT – I

Historical background and development of profession of pharmacy: History of profession of Pharmacy in India in relation to pharmacy education, industry and organization, Pharmacy as a career, Pharmacopoeias: Introduction to IP, BP, USP and Extra Pharmacopoeia.

Dosage forms: Introduction to dosage forms, classification and definitions.

Prescription: Definition, Parts of prescription, handling of Prescription and Errors in prescription.

Posology: Definition, Factors affecting posology. Pediatric dose calculations based on age, body weight and body surface area.

UNIT – II

Pharmaceutical calculations: Weights and measures – Imperial & Metric system, Calculations involving percentage solutions, alligation, proof spirit and isotonic solutions based on freezing point and molecular weight.

Powders: Definition, classification, advantages and disadvantages, Simple & compound powders official preparations, dusting powders, effervescent, efflorescent and hygroscopic powders, eutectic mixtures. Geometric dilutions.

Liquid dosage forms: Advantages and disadvantages of liquid dosage forms. Excipients used in formulation of liquid dosage forms. Solubility enhancement techniques.

UNIT – III

Monophasic liquids: Definitions and preparations of Gargles, Mouthwashes, Throat Paint, Eardrops, Nasal drops, Enemas, Syrups, Elixirs, Liniments and Lotions.

Biphasic liquids:

Suspensions: Definition, advantages and disadvantages, classifications, Preparation of suspensions; Flocculated and Deflocculated suspension & stability problems and methods to overcome.

Emulsions: Definition, classification, emulsifying agent, test for the identification of type of Emulsion, Methods of preparation & stability problems and methods to overcome.

UNIT – IV

Suppositories: Definition, types, advantages and disadvantages, types of bases, methods of preparations. Displacement value & its calculations, evaluation of suppositories.

Pharmaceutical incompatibilities: Definition, classification, physical, chemical and therapeutic incompatibilities with examples.

UNIT – V

Semisolid dosage forms: Definitions, classification, mechanisms and factors influencing dermal penetration of drugs. Preparation of ointments, pastes, creams and gels. Excipients used in semi solid dosage forms. Evaluation of semi solid dosages forms.

Physical Pharmaceutics

UNIT-I

Solubility of drugs: Solubility expressions, mechanisms of solute solvent interactions, ideal solubility parameters, solvation & association, quantitative approach to the factors influencing solubility of drugs, diffusion principles in biological systems. Solubility of gas in liquids, solubility of liquids in liquids, (Binary solutions, ideal solutions) Raoult’s law, real solutions. Partially miscible liquids, Critical solution temperature and applications. Distribution law, its limitations and applications.

UNIT-II

States of Matter and properties of matter: State of matter, changes in the state of matter, latent heats, vapour pressure, sublimation critical point, eutectic mixtures, gases, aerosols inhalers, relative humidity, liquid complexes, liquid crystals, glassy states, solid-crystalline, amorphous & polymorphism.

Physicochemical properties of drug molecules: Refractive index, optical rotation, dielectric constant, dipole moment, dissociation constant, determinations and applications.

UNIT-III

Surface and interfacial phenomenon: Liquid interface, surface & interfacial tensions, surface free energy, measurement of surface & interfacial tensions, spreading coefficient, adsorption at liquid interfaces, surface active agents, HLB Scale, solubilisation, detergency, adsorption at solid interface.

UNIT-IV

Complexation and protein binding: Introduction, Classification of Complexation, Applications, methods of analysis, protein binding, Complexation and drug action, crystalline structures of complexes and thermodynamic treatment of stability constants.

UNIT-V

pH, buffers and Isotonic solutions: Sorensen’s pH scale, pH determination (electrometric and calorimetric), applications of buffers, buffer equation, buffer capacity, buffers in pharmaceutical and biological systems, buffered isotonic solutions.

UNIT-VI

Colloidal dispersions: Classification of dispersed systems & their general characteristics, size & shapes of colloidal particles, classification of colloids & comparative account of their general properties. Optical, kinetic & electrical properties. Effect of electrolytes, coacervation, peptization& protective action.

UNIT-VII

Rheology: Newtonian systems, law of flow, kinematic viscosity, effect of temperature, non-Newtonian systems, pseudoplastic, dilatant, plastic, thixotropy, thixotropy in formulation, determination of viscosity, capillary, falling Sphere, rotational viscometers.

Deformation of solids: Plastic and elastic deformation, Heckel equation, Stress, Strain, Elastic Modulus.

UNIT-VIII

Coarse dispersion: Suspension, interfacial properties of suspended particles, settling in suspensions, formulation of flocculated and deflocculated suspensions. Emulsions and theories of emulsification, microemulsion and multiple emulsions; Stability of emulsions, preservation of emulsions, rheological properties of emulsions and emulsion formulation by HLB method.

UNIT-IX

Micromeretics: Particle size and distribution, mean particle size, number and weight distribution, particle number, methods for determining particle size by different methods, counting and separation method, particle shape, specific surface, methods for determining surface area, permeability, adsorption, derived properties of powders, porosity, packing arrangement, densities, bulkiness & flow properties.

UNIT-X

Drug stability: Reaction kinetics: zero, pseudo-zero, first & second order, units of basic rate constants, determination of reaction order. Physical and chemical factors influencing the chemical degradation of pharmaceutical product: temperature, solvent, ionic strength, dielectric constant, specific & general acid base catalysis, Simple numerical problems. Stabilization of medicinal agents against common reactions like hydrolysis & oxidation. Accelerated stability testing in expiration dating of pharmaceutical dosage forms. Photolytic degradation and its prevention.

Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics

UNIT-I

Introduction to Biopharmaceutics.

Absorption: Mechanisms of drug absorption through GIT, factors influencing drug absorption though GIT, absorption of drug from Non per oral extra-vascular routes, Distribution Tissue permeability of drugs, binding of drugs, apparent, volume of drug distribution, plasma and tissue protein binding of drugs, factors affecting protein-drug binding. Kinetics of protein binding, Clinical significance of protein binding of drugs.

UNIT-II

Elimination: Drug metabolism and basic understanding metabolic pathways renal excretion of drugs, factors affecting renal excretion of drugs, renal clearance, Non renal routes of drug excretion of drugs.

Bioavailability and Bioequivalence: Definition and Objectives of bioavailability, absolute and relative bioavailability, measurement of bioavailability, in-vitro drug dissolution models, in-vitro-in-vivo correlations, bioequivalence studies, methods to enhance the dissolution rates and bioavailability of poorly soluble drugs.

UNIT-III

Pharmacokinetics: Definition and introduction to Pharmacokinetics, Compartment models, Non compartment models, physiological models, One compartment open model. (a). Intravenous Injection (Bolus) (b). Intravenous infusion and (c) Extra vascular administrations. Pharmacokinetics parameters – KE ,t1/2,Vd,AUC,Ka, Clt and CLR- definitions methods of eliminations, understanding of their significance and application.

UNIT-IV

Multicompartment models: Two compartment open model. IV bolus Kinetics of multiple dosing, steady state drug levels, calculation of loading and mainetnance doses and their significance in clinical settins.

UNIT-V

Nonlinear Pharmacokinetics: a. Introduction, b. Factors causing Non-linearity. c. Michaelis-menton method of estimating parameters, Explanation with example of drugs.

Pharmaceutical Inorganic Chemistry

UNIT I

Impurities in pharmaceutical substances: History of Pharmacopoeia, Sources and types of impurities, principle involved in the limit test for Chloride, Sulphate, Iron, Arsenic, Lead and Heavy metals, modified limit test for Chloride and Sulphate.

General methods of preparation, assay for the compounds superscripted with asterisk (*), properties and medicinal uses of inorganic compounds belonging to the following classes.

UNIT II

Acids, Bases and Buffers: Buffer equations and buffer capacity in general, buffers in pharmaceutical systems, preparation, stability, buffered isotonic solutions, measurements of tonicity, calculations and methods of adjusting isotonicity.

Major extra and intracellular electrolytes: Functions of major physiological ions, Electrolytes used in the replacement therapy: Sodium chloride*, Potassium chloride, Calcium gluconate* and Oral Rehydration Salt (ORS), Physiological acid base balance.

Dental products: Dentifrices, role of fluoride in the treatment of dental caries, Desensitizing agents, Calcium carbonate, Sodium fluoride, and Zinc eugenol cement.

UNIT III

Gastrointestinal agents.

Acidifiers: Ammonium chloride* and Dil. HCl.

Antacid: Ideal properties of antacids, combinations of antacids, Sodium Bicarbonate*, Aluminum hydroxide gel, Magnesium hydroxide mixture.

Cathartics: Magnesium sulphate, Sodium orthophosphate, Kaolin and Bentonite.

Antimicrobials: Mechanism, classification, Potassium permanganate, Boric acid, Hydrogen peroxide*, Chlorinated lime*, Iodine and its preparations.

UNIT IV

Miscellaneous compounds.

Expectorants: Potassium iodide, Ammonium chloride*.

Emetics: Copper sulphate*, Sodium potassium tartarate.

Haematinics: Ferrous sulphate*, Ferrous gluconate.

Poison and Antidote: Sodium thiosulphate*, Activated charcoal, Sodium nitrite.

Astringents: Zinc Sulphate, Potash Alum.

UNIT V

Radiopharmaceuticals: Radio activity, Measurement of radioactivity, Properties of radiations, Half life, radio isotopes and study of radio isotopes Sodium iodide I131, Storage conditions, precautions & pharmaceutical application of radioactive substances.

Remedial Biology/Remedial Mathematics

REMEDIAL BIOLOGY – UNIT I

Living world: Definition and characters of living organisms, Diversity in the living world, Binomial nomenclature. Five kingdoms of life and basis of classification, Salient features of Monera, Potista, Fungi, Animalia and Plantae, Virus.

Morphology of Flowering plants: Morphology of different parts of flowering plants – Root, stem, inflorescence, flower, leaf, fruit, seed. General Anatomy of Root, stem, leaf of monocotyledons & Dicotylidones.

REMEDIAL BIOLOGY – UNIT II

Body fluids and circulation: Composition of blood, blood groups, coagulation of blood, Composition and functions of lymph, Human circulatory system, Structure of human heart and blood vessels, Cardiac cycle, cardiac output and ECG.

Digestion and Absorption: Human alimentary canal and digestive glands, Role of digestive enzymes, Digestion, absorption and assimilation of digested food.

Breathing and respiration: Human respiratory system, Mechanism of breathing and its regulation, Exchange of gases, transport of gases and regulation of respiration, Respiratory volumes.

REMEDIAL BIOLOGY – UNIT III

Excretory products and their elimination: Modes of excretion, Human excretory system- structure and function, Urine formation, Rennin angiotensin system.

Neural control and coordination: Definition and classification of nervous system, Structure of a neuron, Generation and conduction of nerve impulse, Structure of brain and spinal cord, Functions of cerebrum, cerebellum, hypothalamus and medulla oblongata.

Chemical coordination and regulation: Endocrine glands and their secretions, Functions of hormones secreted by endocrine glands.

Human reproduction: Parts of female reproductive system, Parts of male reproductive system, Spermatogenesis and Oogenesis, Menstrual cycle.

REMEDIAL MATHEMATICS – UNIT I

Partial fraction: Introduction, Polynomial, Rational fractions, Proper and Improper fractions, Partial fraction, Resolving into Partial fraction, Application of Partial Fraction in Chemical Kinetics and Pharmacokinetics.

Logarithms: Introduction, Definition, Theorems/Properties of logarithms, Common logarithms, Characteristic and Mantissa, worked examples, application of logarithm to solve pharmaceutical problems.

Function: Real Valued function, Classification of real valued functions.

Limits and continuity: Introduction, Limit of a function, Definition of limit of a function, limits and continuity applications.

Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry

UNIT-I

Classification, nomenclature and isomerism: Classification of Organic Compounds, Common and IUPAC systems of nomenclature of organic compounds (up to 10 Carbons open chain and carbocyclic compounds), Structural isomerisms in organic compounds.

UNIT-II

Alkanes, Alkenes and Conjugated dienes*: SP3 hybridization in alkanes, Halogenation of alkanes, uses of paraffins. Stabilities of alkenes, SP2 hybridization in alkenes.

E1 and E2 reactions kinetics: order of reactivity of alkyl halides, rearrangement of carbocations, Saytzeffs orientation and evidences. E1 verses E2 reactions, Factors affecting E1 and E2 reactions. Ozonolysis, electrophilic addition reactions of alkenes, Markownikoff’s orientation, free radical addition reactions of alkenes, Anti Markownikoff’s orientation.

UNIT-III

Alkyl halides:* SN1 and SN2 reactions kinetics, order of reactivity of alkyl halides, stereochemistry and rearrangement of carbocations. SN1 versus SN2 reactions, Factors affecting SN1 and SN2 reactions. Structure and uses of ethylchloride, Chloroform, trichloroethylene, tetrachloroethylene, dichloromethane, tetrachloromethane and iodoform.

Alcohols:* Qualitative tests, Structure and uses of Ethyl alcohol, Methyl alcohol, chlorobutanol, Cetosteryl alcohol, Benzyl alcohol, Glycerol, Propylene glycol.

Biochemistry

UNIT I

Biomolecules: Introduction, classification, chemical nature and biological role of carbohydrate, lipids, nucleic acids, amino acids and proteins.

Bioenergetics: Concept of free energy, endergonic and exergonic reaction, Relationship between free energy, enthalpy and entropy; Redox potential. Energy rich compounds; classification; biological significances of ATP and cyclic AMP.

UNIT II

Carbohydrate metabolism: Glycolysis – Pathway, energetics and significance. Citric acid cycle- Pathway, energetics and significance. HMP shunt and its significance; Glucose-6-Phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency. Glycogen metabolism Pathways and glycogen storage diseases (GSD). Gluconeogenesis- Pathway and its significance. Hormonal regulation of blood glucose level and Diabetes mellitus.

Biological oxidation: Electron transport chain (ETC) and its mechanism. Oxidative phosphorylation & its mechanism and substrate level phosphorylation. Inhibitors ETC and oxidative phosphorylation/Uncouplers.

UNIT III

Lipid metabolism: Oxidation of saturated fatty acid (Palmitic acid). Formation and utilization of ketone bodies; ketoacidosis. De novo synthesis of fatty acids (Palmitic acid). Biological significance of cholesterol and conversion of cholesterol into bile acids, steroid hormone and vitamin D. Disorders of lipid metabolism: Hypercholesterolemia, atherosclerosis, fatty liver and obesity.

Amino acid metabolism: General reactions of amino acid metabolism: Transamination, deamination & decarboxylation, urea cycle and its disorders. Catabolism of phenylalanine and tyrosine and their metabolic disorders. Synthesis and significance of biological substances; 5-HT, melatonin, dopamine, noradrenaline, adrenaline. Catabolism of heme; hyperbilirubinemia and jaundice.

Pathophysiology

Unit I

Basic principles of Cell injury and Adaptation: Introduction, definitions, Homeostasis, Components and Types of Feedback systems, Causes of cellular injury, Pathogenesis, Morphology of cell injury Adaptive changes, Cell swelling, Intra cellular accumulation, Calcification, Enzyme leakage and Cell Death Acidosis & Alkalosis, Electrolyte imbalance.

Unit II

Basic mechanism involved in the process of inflammation and repair: Introduction, Clinical signs of inflammation, Different types of Inflammation, Mechanism of Inflammation Alteration in vascular permeability and blood flow, migration of WBC’s, Mediators of inflammation, Basic principles of wound healing in the skin, Pathophysiology of Atherosclerosis.

Cardiovascular System: Hypertension, congestive heart failure, ischemic heart disease (angina, myocardial infarction, atherosclerosis and arteriosclerosis).

Respiratory system: Asthma, Chronic obstructive airways diseases.

Renal system: Acute and chronic renal failure.

Computer Applications in Pharmacy

UNIT – I

Number system: Binary number system, Decimal number system, Octal number system, Hexadecimal number systems, conversion decimal to binary, binary to decimal, octal to binary etc, binary addition, binary subtraction – One’s complement, Two’s complement method, binary multiplication, binary division.

Concept of Information Systems and Software: Information gathering, requirement and feasibility analysis, data flow diagrams, process specifications, input/output design, process life cycle, planning and managing the project.

UNIT – II

Web technologies: Introduction to HTML, XML, CSS and Programming languages, introduction to web servers and Server Products.

Introduction to databases: MYSQL, MS ACCESS, Pharmacy Drug database.

UNIT – III

Application of computers in Pharmacy: Drug information storage and retrieval, Pharmacokinetics, Mathematical model in Drug design, Hospital and Clinical Pharmacy, Electronic Prescribing and discharge (EP) systems, barcode medicine identification and automated dispensing of drugs, mobile technology and adherence monitoring.

Diagnostic System: Lab-diagnostic System, Patient Monitoring System, Pharma Information System.

UNIT – IV

Bioinformatics: Introduction, Objective of Bioinformatics, Bioinformatics Databases, Concept of Bioinformatics, Impact of Bioinformatics in Vaccine Discovery.

UNIT – V

Computers as data analysis in Preclinical development: Chromatographic data analysis (CDS), Laboratory Information management System (LIMS) and Text Information Management System (TIMS).

Environmental Sciences

Unit-I

The Multidisciplinary nature of environmental studies.

Natural Resources: Renewable and non-renewable resources: Natural resources and associated problems a) Forest resources; b) Water resources; c) Mineral resources; d) Food resources; e) Energy resources; f) Land resources: Role of an individual in conservation of natural resources.

Unit-II

Ecosystems: Concept of an ecosystem. Structure and function of an ecosystem. Introduction, types, characteristic features, structure and function of the ecosystems: Forest ecosystem; Grassland ecosystem; Desert ecosystem; Aquatic ecosystems (ponds, streams, lakes, rivers, oceans, estuaries).

Unit-III

Environmental Pollution: Air pollution; Water pollution; Soil pollution.

Pharmaceutical Microbiology

Unit I

Introduction: history of microbiology, its branches, scope and its importance.

Introduction to Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes.

Study of ultra-structure and morphological classification of bacteria: nutritional requirements, raw materials used for culture media and physical parameters for growth, growth curve, isolation and preservation methods for pure cultures, cultivation of anaerobes, quantitative measurement of bacterial growth (total & viable count).

Study of different types of phase constrast microscopy: dark field microscopy and electron microscopy.

Unit II

Identification of bacteria using staining techniques: (simple, Gram’s & Acid fast staining) and biochemical tests (IMViC).

Study of principle, procedure, merits, demerits and applications: of physical, chemical gaseous, radiation and mechanical method of sterilization.

Evaluation of the efficiency of sterilization methods. Equipments employed in large scale sterilization. Sterility indicators.

Pharmaceutical Engineering

UNIT-I

Flow of fluids: Types of manometers, Reynolds number and its significance, Bernoulli’s theorem and its applications, Energy losses, Orifice meter, Venturimeter, Pitot tube and Rotometer.

Size Reduction: Objectives, Mechanisms & Laws governing size reduction, factors affecting size reduction, principles, construction, working, uses, merits and demerits of Hammer mill, ball mill, fluid energy mill, Edge runner mill & end runner mill.

Size Separation: Objectives, applications & mechanism of size separation, official standards of powders, sieves, size separation Principles, construction, working, uses, merits and demerits of Sieve shaker, cyclone separator, Air separator, Bag filter & elutriation tank.

UNIT-II

Heat Transfer: Objectives, applications & Heat transfer mechanisms. Fourier’s law, Heat transfer by conduction, convection & radiation. Heat interchangers & heat exchangers.

Evaporation: Objectives, applications and factors influencing evaporation, differences between evaporation and other heat process. principles, construction, working, uses, merits and demerits of Steam jacketed kettle, horizontal tube evaporator, climbing film evaporator, forced circulation evaporator, multiple effect evaporator & Economy of multiple effect evaporator.

Distillation: Basic Principles and methodology of simple distillation, flash distillation, fractional distillation, distillation under reduced pressure, steam distillation & molecular distillation.

Medicinal Chemistry

UNIT-I

Introduction to Medicinal Chemistry: History and development of medicinal chemistry.

Physicochemical properties in relation to biological action: Ionization, Solubility, Partition Coefficient, Hydrogen bonding, Protein binding, Chelation, Bioisosterism, Optical and Geometrical isomerism.

Drug metabolism: Drug metabolism principles- Phase I and Phase II. Factors affecting drug metabolism including stereo chemical aspects.

UNIT-II

Drugs acting on Autonomic Nervous System. Adrenergic Neurotransmitters: Biosynthesis and catabolism of catecholamine. Adrenergic receptors (Alpha & Beta) and their distribution.

Sympathomimetic agents: SAR of Sympathomimetic agents. Direct acting: Nor-epinephrine, Epinephrine, Phenylephrine*, Dopamine, Methyldopa, Clonidine, Dobutamine, Isoproterenol, Terbutaline, Salbutamol*, Bitolterol, Naphazoline, Oxymetazoline and Xylometazoline.

UNIT-III

Cholinergic neurotransmitters: Biosynthesis and catabolism of acetylcholine. Cholinergic receptors (Muscarinic & Nicotinic) and their distribution.

Parasympathomimetic agents: SAR of Parasympathomimetic agents. Direct acting agents: Acetylcholine, Carbachol*, Bethanechol, Methacholine, Pilocarpine.

Pharmacology

UNIT-I

General Pharmacology: Introduction to Pharmacology- Definition, historical landmarks and scope of pharmacology, nature and source of drugs, essential drugs concept and routes of drug administration, Agonists, antagonists( competitive and non competitive), spare receptors, addiction, tolerance, dependence, tachyphylaxis, idiosyncrasy, allergy.

Pharmacokinetics: Membrane transport, absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion of drugs. Enzyme induction, enzyme inhibition, kinetics of elimination.

UNIT-II

Pharmacodynamics: Principles and mechanisms of drug action. Receptor theories and classification of receptors, regulation of receptors. drug receptors interactions signal transduction mechanisms, G-protein-coupled receptors, ion channel receptor, transmembrane enzyme linked receptors, transmembrane JAK-STAT binding receptor and receptors that regulate transcription factors, dose response relationship, therapeutic index, combined effects of drugs and factors modifying drug action.

Adverse drug reactions and drug interactions: (pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic).

Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry

UNIT I

Introduction to Pharmacognosy: (a) Definition, history, scope and development of Pharmacognosy (b) Sources of Drugs – Plants, Animals, Marine & Tissue culture (c) Organized drugs, unorganized drugs (dried latex, dried juices, dried extracts, gums and mucilages, oleoresins and oleo- gum -resins).

Classification of drugs: Alphabetical, morphological, taxonomical, chemical, pharmacological, chemo and sero taxonomical classification of drugs.

Quality control of Drugs of Natural Origin: Adulteration of drugs of natural origin. Evaluation by organoleptic, microscopic, physical, chemical and biological methods and properties.

UNIT II

Cultivation, Collection, Processing and storage of drugs of natural origin: Cultivation and Collection of drugs of natural origin. Factors influencing cultivation of medicinal plants. Plant hormones and their applications. Polyploidy, mutation and hybridization with reference to medicinal plants. Conservation of medicinal plants.

Industrial Pharmacy

UNIT-I

Preformulation Studies: Introduction to preformulation, goals and objectives, study of physicochemical characteristics of drug substances.

Physical properties: Physical form (crystal & amorphous), particle size, shape, flow properties, solubility profile (pKa, pH, partition coefficient), polymorphism.

Chemical Properties: Hydrolysis, oxidation, reduction, racemisation, polymerization. BCS classification of drugs & its significant.

UNIT-II

Tablets: Introduction, ideal characteristics of tablets, classification of tablets. Excipients, Formulation of tablets, granulation methods, compression and processing problems. Equipments and tablet tooling.

Tablet coating: Types of coating, coating materials, formulation of coating composition, methods of coating, equipment employed and defects in coating. Quality control tests: In process and finished product tests.

Pharmaceutical Jurisprudence

UNIT-I

Drugs and Cosmetics Act, 1940 and its rules 1945: Objectives, Definitions, Legal definitions of schedules to the Act and Rules. Import of drugs – Classes of drugs and cosmetics prohibited from import, Import under license or permit. Offences and penalties.

Manufacture of drugs: Prohibition of manufacture and sale of certain drugs, Conditions for grant of license and conditions of license for manufacture of drugs, Manufacture of drugs for test, examination and analysis, manufacture of new drug, loan license and repacking license.

UNIT-II

Drugs and Cosmetics Act, 1940 and its rules 1945: Detailed study of Schedule G, H, M, N, P,T,U, V, X, Y, Part XII B, Sch F & DMR (OA). Sale of Drugs – Wholesale, Retail sale and Restricted license. Offences and penalties.

Herbal Drug Technology

UNIT-I

Herbs as raw materials: Definition of herb, herbal medicine, herbal medicinal product, herbal drug preparation. Source of Herbs. Selection, identification and authentication of herbal materials. Processing of herbal raw material.

Biodynamic Agriculture: Good agricultural practices in cultivation of medicinal plants including Organic farming. Pest and Pest management in medicinal plants: Biopesticides/Bioinsecticides.

UNIT-II

Nutraceuticals: General aspects, Market, growth, scope and types of products available in the market. Health benefits and role of Nutraceuticals in ailments like Diabetes, CVS diseases, Cancer, Irritable bowel syndrome and various Gastro intestinal diseases.

Pharmaceutical Biotechnology

Unit I

a) Brief introduction to Biotechnology with reference to Pharmaceutical Sciences.

b) Enzyme Biotechnology- Methods of enzyme immobilization and applications.

c) Biosensors- Working and applications of biosensors in Pharmaceutical Industries.

d) Brief introduction to Protein Engineering.

Quality Assurance

UNIT – I

Quality Assurance and Quality Management concepts: Definition and concept of Quality control, Quality assurance and GMP.

Total Quality Management (TQM): Definition, elements, philosophies.

ICH Guidelines: Purpose, participants, process of harmonization, Brief overview of QSEM, with special emphasis on Q-series guidelines, ICH stability testing guidelines.

Instrumental Methods of Analysis

UNIT – I

UV Visible spectroscopy: Electronic transitions, chromophores, auxochromes, spectral shifts, solvent effect on absorption spectra, Beer and Lambert’s law, Derivation and deviations.

Instrumentation: Sources of radiation, wavelength selectors, sample cells, detectors- Photo tube, Photomultiplier tube, Photo voltaic cell, Silicon Photodiode.

Pharmacy Practice

Unit I

Hospital and it’s organization: Definition, Classification of hospital- Primary, Secondary and Tertiary hospitals, Classification based on clinical and non- clinical basis, Organization Structure of a Hospital, and Medical staffs involved in the hospital and their functions.

Hospital pharmacy and its organization: Definition, functions of hospital pharmacy, Organization structure, Location, Layout and staff requirements, and Responsibilities and functions of hospital pharmacists.

Novel Drug Delivery System

Unit-I

Controlled drug delivery systems: Introduction, terminology/definitions and rationale, advantages, disadvantages, selection of drug candidates. Approaches to design controlled release formulations based on diffusion, dissolution and ion exchange principles.

Polymers: Introduction, classification, properties, advantages and application of polymers in formulation of controlled release drug delivery systems.

Biostatistics and Research Methodology

Unit-I

Introduction: Statistics, Biostatistics, Frequency distribution.

Measures of central tendency: Mean, Median, Mode- Pharmaceutical examples.

Measures of dispersion: Dispersion, Range, standard deviation, Pharmaceutical problems.

Social and Preventive Pharmacy

Unit I

Concept of health and disease: Definition, concepts and evaluation of public health. Understanding the concept of prevention and control of disease, social causes of diseases and social problems of the sick.

Social and health education: Food in relation to nutrition and health, Balanced diet, Nutritional deficiencies, Vitamin deficiencies, Malnutrition and its prevention.

Pharma Marketing Management

Unit I

Marketing: Definition, general concepts and scope of marketing; Distinction between marketing & selling; Marketing environment; Industry and competitive analysis; Analyzing consumer buying behavior; industrial buying behavior.

Pharmaceutical Regulatory Science

Unit I

New Drug Discovery and development: Stages of drug discovery, Drug development process, pre-clinical studies, non-clinical activities, clinical studies, Innovator and generics, Concept of generics, Generic drug product development.

Pharmacovigilance

Unit I

Introduction to Pharmacovigilance: History and development of Pharmacovigilance, Importance of safety monitoring of Medicine, WHO international drug monitoring programme, Pharmacovigilance Program of India (PvPI).

Quality Control and Standardization of Herbals

Unit I

Basic tests for drugs: Pharmaceutical substances, Medicinal plants materials and dosage forms. WHO guidelines for quality control of herbal drugs. Evaluation of commercial crude drugs intended for use.

Computer Aided Drug Design

UNIT-I

Introduction to Drug Discovery and Development: Stages of drug discovery and development. Lead discovery and Analog Based Drug Design: Rational approaches to lead discovery based on traditional medicine, Random screening, Non-random screening.

Cell and Molecular Biology

Unit I

a) Cell and Molecular Biology: Definitions theory and basics and Applications. b) Cell and Molecular Biology: History and Summation. c) Properties of cells and cell membrane. d) Prokaryotic versus Eukaryotic.

Cosmetic Science

UNIT I

Classification of cosmetic and cosmeceutical products: Definition of cosmetics as per Indian and EU regulations, Evolution of cosmeceuticals from cosmetics, cosmetics as quasi and OTC drugs. Cosmetic excipients: Surfactants, rheology modifiers, humectants, emollients, preservatives.

Experimental Pharmacology

Unit –I

Laboratory Animals: Study of CPCSEA and OECD guidelines for maintenance, breeding and conduct of experiments on laboratory animals, Common lab animals: Description and applications of different species and strains of animals. Popular transgenic and mutant animals.

Advanced Instrumentation Techniques

UNIT-I

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance spectroscopy: Principles of H-NMR and C-NMR, chemical shift, factors affecting chemical shift, coupling constant, Spin – spin coupling, relaxation, instrumentation and applications.

Dietary Supplements and Nutraceuticals

UNIT I

Definitions of Functional foods, Nutraceuticals and Dietary supplements: Classification of Nutraceuticals, Health problems and diseases that can be prevented or cured by Nutraceuticals i.e. weight control, diabetes, cancer, heart disease, stress, osteoarthritis, hypertension etc.