BACTERIAL DISEASES OF THE RESPIRATORY TRACT
BACTERIAL DISEASES OF THE RESPIRATORY TRACT (As per Rajasthan Pharmacist syllabus)
Disease |
Causative Pathogen |
Signs and Symptoms |
Transmission |
Diagnostic Tests |
Vaccine |
Acute otitis media (AOM) |
Haemophilus influenzae, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Moraxella catarrhalis, others |
Earache, possible effusion; may cause fever, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea |
Often a secondary infection; bacteria from respiratory tract become trapped in eustachian tube, cause infection |
None |
None |
Diphtheria |
Corynebacterium diphtheria (gram +) |
Pseudomembrane on throat, possibly leading to suffocation and death |
Inhalation of respiratory droplets or aerosols from infected person |
Identification of bacteria in throat swabs; PCR to detect diphtheria toxin in vitro |
DtaP, Tdap, DT, Td, DTP |
Legionnaires disease |
Legionella pneumophila(gram –) |
Cough, fever, muscle aches, headaches, nausea, vomiting, confusion; sometimes fatal |
Inhalation of aerosols from contaminated water reservoirs |
Isolation, using Warthin-Starry procedure, of bacteria in sputum |
None |
Pertussis (whooping cough) |
Bordetella pertussis(gram –) |
Severe coughing with “whoop” sound; chronic cough lasting several months; can be fatal in infants |
Inhalation of respiratory droplets from infected person |
Direct culture of throat swab, PCR, ELISA |
DTaP, Tdap |
Q fever |
Coxiella burnetii |
High fever, coughing, pneumonia, malaise; in chronic cases, potentially fatal endocarditis |
Inhalation of aerosols of urine, feces, milk, or amniotic fluid of infected cattle, sheep, goats |
PCR, ELISA |
None |
URI/Streptococcal pharyngitis, scarlet fever |
Streptococcus pyogenes(gram +) |
Fever, sore throat, inflammation of pharynx and tonsils (mucosal membranes of the pharynx are damaged by the release of a variety of exoenzymes and exotoxins by this pathogen), petechiae, swollen lymph nodes; skin rash (scarlet fever), strawberry tongue |
Direct contact, inhalation of respiratory droplets or aerosols from infected person |
Direct culture of throat swab, rapid enzyme immunoassay |
None |
Tuberculosis |
Mycobacterium tuberculosis(acid-fast, high G + C, gram+, nonspore-forming rod) |
Formation of tubercles in lungs; rupture of tubercles, leading to chronic, bloody cough; healed tubercles (Ghon complexes) visible in radiographs; can be fatal |
Inhalation of respiratory droplets or aerosols from infected person |
Mantoux tuberculin skin test with chest radiograph to identify Ghon complexes |
BCG
|
Notes
|
PNEUMONIA:- Itis a term for infections of the lungs that lead to inflammation and accumulation of fluids and WBC in the alveoli. Pneumonia can be caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi, and other organisms, but most of the majority of pneumonias are bacterial in origin. |
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Disease |
Pathogen |
Signs and Symptoms |
Transmission |
Diagnostic Tests |
Vaccine |
Chlamydial pneumonia |
Chlamydophila pneumoniae, C. psittaci, Chlamydia trachomatis |
Bronchitis; mild to severe respiratory distress |
Inhalation of respiratory droplets or aerosols from infected person (C. pneumoniae); exposure to infected bird (C. psittaci); exposure in the birth canal (Chlamydia trachomatis) |
Tissue culture, PCR |
None |
Haemophilus pneumonia |
Haemophilus influenza(gram –) |
Cough, fever or low body temperature, chills, chest pain, headache, fatigue |
Inhalation of respiratory droplets or aerosols from infected person or asymptomatic carrier |
Culture on chocolate agar, serotyping of blood or cerebrospinal fluid samples |
Hib |
Klebsiella pneumonia |
Klebsiella pneumoniae, others |
Lung necrosis, “currant jelly” sputum; often fatal |
Health care associated; bacteria introduced via contaminated ventilators, intubation, or other medical equipment |
Culture, PCR |
None |
Mycoplasma pneumonia (walking pneumonia) |
Mycoplasma pneumoniae |
Low fever, persistent cough |
Inhalation of respiratory droplets or aerosols from infected person |
Culture with penicillin, thallium acetate |
None |
Pneumococcal pneumonia |
Streptococcus pneumoniae(gram +) |
Productive cough, bloody sputum, fever, chills, chest pain, respiratory distress |
Direct contact with respiratory secretions |
Gram stain, blood agar culture with optichin and sodium deoxycholate, quellung reaction |
Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13), pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPSV23) |
Pseudomonas pneumonia |
Pseudomonas aeruginosa |
Viscous fluid and chronic inflammation of lungs; often fatal |
Health care associated; bacteria introduced via contaminated ventilators; also frequently affects patients with cystic fibrosis |
Culture from sputum or other body fluid |
None |
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